平凡

一． 基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)

二．　句型：

否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.

一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.

简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)
　　　　　　　No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)

三．用法

（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果

　　I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)

My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.

　　①for+时段

　　②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）

　　③since+时段+ago

　　④since+从句（过去时）

　　●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）

　　Mary has been ill for three days.

　　I have lived here since 1998.
四．　has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别

　　 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)

Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.

Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）

My father has been to Shanghai.

Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）

My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.

五．现在完成时的标志　　
　1.　现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:

　* 以already, just和yet为标志
　　He has already got her help.　他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film.　他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet.　他还没有回来。

　　* 以ever和never为标志　
This is the best film I have ever seen.　这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing.　他从没有到过北京。

　　* 以动作发生的次数为标志
　　He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。

　　* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before
　He has got to Beijing so far.　到目前为止他已到了北京。

She has passed the exam so far.　到目前为止她已经通过了考试。

2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。

　*  　①for+时段  ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志

  I have been here since I came here 
*以 recently \in the past (last)3 years \ in these years 为标志

 Great changes have taken place recently.

注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago等; 2)不能与when连用 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用

　六．过去分词

　　 　1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：

　　(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。

　　work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited

　　(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。

　　live---lived---lived ,

　　(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。

　　study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried

　　(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。

　　stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped

　　2 、不规则动词：

　　AAA型

　　原型 过去式 过去分词

   hurt hurt hurt

   let let let

　 cost cost cost

　　cut cut cut

　　hit hit hit

　　put put put

　　set set set

　　shut shut shut

　　spread spread spread

   read read read   read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/

　　AAB型

beat beat beaten

ABA型

become became become

　　run ran run

　　come came come

　　特殊情况

　　ABB型

　　bring brought brought

　　buy bought bought

　　build built built

　　burn burnt burnt

　　catch caught caught

　　dig dug dug

　　feel felt felt

　　fight fought fought

　　find found found

　　hear heard heard

　　hold held held

　　keep kept kept

　　lay laid laid

　　lead led led

　　lose lost lost

　　make made made

　　meet met met

　　sell sold sold

　　shoot shot shot

　　sit sat sat

　　stand stood stood

　　sweep swept swept

　　teach taught taught

　　tell told told

　　think thought thought

　　win won won

　　ABC型

　　begin began begun

　　blow blew blown

　　break broke broken

　　choose chose chosen

　　draw drew drawn

　　drive drove driven

　　drink drank drunk

　　fly flew flown

　　forgive forgave forgiven

　　forget forgot forgotten

　　freeze froze frozen

　　give gave given

　　grow grew grown

　　know knew known

　　ride rode ridden

　　rise rose risen

　　ring rang rung

　　shake shook shaken

　　sing sang sung

　　sink sank sunk

　　swim swam swum

　　throw threw thrown

　　write wrote written

七． 瞬间动词（buy, die, join, come，go ,leave, join ……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词

buy----have  borrow -----keep

come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in   

go out----be out  leave ----be away

begin-----be on     finish----be over

　　open----be open   close -----be closed

die----be dead

★1.have代替buy

　　My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

★2、用keep或have代替borrow

　　I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.

★3、用be替代become

How long has your sister been a teacher?

★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold

　　Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.

　　★5、用wear代替put on

　　b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词

　　1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill

　　3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep

　　5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave

　　7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut

　　9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose

　　c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词

　　1“be＋on”代start, begin

　　2“be＋up”代get up

　　3“be＋back(to)”代return to, come back to, go back to

　　4“be here (there)”代come(arrive, reach, get) here或go (arrive, reach, get) there等等

　　d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词

　　1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to

　　2.用be in the army 代替join the army

　　3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

　　常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：

　　1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.

　　→have been in sw./at…相应的介词

　　2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back

　　3. have come/gone out →have been out

　　4. have become → have been

　　5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open

　　6. have got up → have been up；

　　7. have died → have been dead；

　　8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.

　　9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；

　　10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；

　　11. have married → have been married；

　　12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；

　　13. have begun → have been on

　　14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had

　　15. have lost → haven’t had

　　16. have put on →have worn

　　17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；

　　18. have got to know → have known

　　19. have/has gone to → have been in

　　20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army

→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…

现在完成时练习(一)

A)选用have, has填空:

1.I _______ told him the news.        

2.She ________ come back from school

3.You ________ won the game.             

B)按要求改写下列各句:

4.They have bought a computer.(改成否定句
_________________________________________

5.He has lost his book.                
(先改成一般疑问句,再作肯定与否定回答)
_________________________________________

C) 单项选择

6. -Where have you _____, Kate?            
　-I've ______ to the bank.
A. gone, gone　B. been, been　C. gone, been　D. been, gone

7. Her grandfather ______ for two years.
A. died　B. has died　C. has been dead　D. has been died             

8. It's six weeks ______ I met you last.
A. when　B. since　C. before　D. for                                   

9. Tom and Jack _ _West Hill Farm already.

A. have got　B. have gone to　C. have been to　D. have reached       

现在完成时练习（二）

一、 单项选择。
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）
　　Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know                      
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
　　Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still                              
　 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
　　Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago                                
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
　　Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written                   
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
　　Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
　　Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better                         
　 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
　　Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study
　　Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying                                 
　 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
　　Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew                        
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see                             
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .                
　　 —Really ? When _____ there ?
　　Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
　　Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone                                          
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
　　 —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
　　Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
　　Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish                 
　11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
　　Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in                 
　 12、—Do you know him well ?
　　— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
　　Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made                      
　 13、—How long have you ____ here ?
　　—About two months .
　　Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived                                    
　 14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
　　Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
　　Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began                                                  
15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
　　Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was                                            
16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
　　Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been                              
　 17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
　　Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
　　Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been                                            
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they                      
19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he came to China?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrived                                        
20、 His uncle____for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work
C. has lived there D. has left the university                               
二、 句型转换。
1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
____　＿＿＿＿　they been here?
3、The old man _________ last year. He＿＿＿＿

 for a year. (die) （动词填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
　 Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
___________________________________________
三、 汉译英。
1、 吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。

2、 他昨天收到一封信。

3、 我父亲以前到过长城。

4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。

5、 她去过上海。

6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？

参考答案：
一、单项选择。
1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。
2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故2应选B。
3、C
4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。
5、C
6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故6应选C。
7、C
8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。
9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现