岳岳岳岳岳 °

写作练习资料（一）
（一）1. 结构: 条理清楚，段落宜适中，不宜太长。一般来说，作文的结构为：
 三段式 四段式
Para 1 Introduction Introduction
Para 2 Argument+ support evidence Argument + support evidence
Para 3 Conclusion Argument + support evidence
Para 4  Conclusion
* 在表达观点时，要记住一点，should之类不应用得太多，因为你是在阐述一个观点，这是主观的，不要太绝对，如果换作是中文，你一讲就是“你应该怎么样”？ 读者会觉得，你在强迫他接受你的观点，可以用一些be likely to or may/might。
2. 连词，副词和短语的运用: 在有清晰的结构之后，要有连词把各个段落、句与句之间有机联结在一起。比如连词：hence;  副词：dramatically;  短语：be likely to
3. 用词的多样性. 常用的单词可多记几个同义词，这样在文章中读起来更舒服些。比如可能, may, perhaps, be likely to； 因此hence, thus,consequently, as a result. 重要important, vital, crucial 。

（二）写作中常用的连接词
表递进 In addition; and; as well as; besides (this/ that);furthermore; moreover; also; not only…but also; even
表层次 First(ly); initially; second(ly); to begin with;then; next
表结果 As a result; thus; therefore; consequently; then;hence
表转折 However; on the other hand; in spite of; despite;though; although; but; on the contrary; otherwise; whereas
表肯定 Obviously; certainly; of course; undoubtedly
表条件 If; unless; whether; provided that; for; so that;depending on
表定义 Refer to; mean; that is; consist of
表原因 Since; as; so; because (of); due to; owing to
表次序 Before; until; meanwhile; at the moment; when; assoon as; just as
表总结 In conclusion; in summary; to sum up; in short;briefly; in brief
表举例 For instance/example; such as
表对比 While; in contrast to; unlike; whereas; differentfrom; on the other hand
表比较 Similarity; as…as; just as; in the same way; like;to have in common

最基本的框架

现象解释型模板一
1.Recently,__________.
2.What amaze us most is_________.
3.It is true that_________.
4.There are many reasons explaining_________.
5.The main reason is________.
6.What is more__________.
7.Thirdly,__________.
8.As a result_________.
9.Considering all these,_________.
10.For one thing,________.
11.For another,_________.
12.In conclusion,__________.
现象解释型模板二
1.As is known to all,_______.
2.________seem to get accustomed to_________.
3.In fact,_______.
4.The reasons of________lie in several aspects.
5.Firstly,________.
6.Secondly,________.
7.Thidly,_________.
8.Finaly,_________.
9.As a matter of fact,_________.
10.On the one hand,_________.
11.On the other hand,__________.
12.Therefore,___________.
对比选择型模板一
1.Recently,we may hear quite different opinions__________.
2.Most people take it for granted that________.
3.However,others hold________.
4.A dominant idea is that_______.
5.In this view,_______.
6.Nevertheless,the objectors think________.
7.They argue that________.
8.As to me,I prefer________.
9.On the one hand,________.
10.On the other hand,________.
11.Therefore,_________.
12.In conclusion,_________.
现象解释型模板一
1.Recently,__________.
2.What amaze us most is_________.
3.It is true that_________.
4.There are many reasons explaining_________.
5.The main reason is________.
6.What is more__________.
7.Thirdly,__________.
8.As a result_________.
9.Considering all these,_________.
10.For one thing,________.
11.For another,_________.
12.In conclusion,__________.
现象解释型模板二
1.As is known to all,_______.
2.________seem to get accustomed to_________.
3.In fact,_______.
4.The reasons of________lie in several aspects.
5.Firstly,________.
6.Secondly,________.
7.Thirdly,_________.
8.Finaly,_________.
9.As a matter of fact,_________.
10.On the one hand,_________.
11.On the other hand,__________.
12.Therefore,___________.
现象解释型模板三
1.Nowadays,_________.
2.For one thing,__________.
3.For another,_________.
4.It is obvious__________.
5.Many remarkable factors contribute to_________.
6.First of all,________.
7.In addition,_________.
8.Thirdly,_________.
9.As to me,_________.
10.As we know,_________.
11.Besides,__________.
12.In a word,__________.
现象解释型叙事类作文专用模板
1.It so happened that_________.
2.Just at the moment,_________.
3.It impressed me most because________.
4.What happened was_________.
5.At first,__________.
6.Almost at the same time,_________.
7.What's more,___________.
8.As a result,___________.
9.As I understand,___________.
10.On the one hand,___________.
11.On the other hand,___________.
12.Therefpre,____________.
对比选择型模板一
1.Recently,we may hear quite different opinions__________.
2.Most people take it for granted that________.
3.However,others hold________.
4.A dominant idea is that_______.
5.In this view,_______.
6.Nevertheless,the objectors think________.
7.They argue that________.
8.As to me,I prefer________.
9.On the one hand,________.
10.On the other hand,________.
11.Therefore,_________.
12.In conclusion,_________.
对比选择型模板二
1.There is a heated debate over_________.
2.It is commonly accepted that_________.
3.In contrast,others_________.
4.Those who hold the first opinion suggest________.
5.In their view,__________.
6.However,others think__________.
7.They argue that___________.
8.Considering one after another,I stand on the side of_______.
9.First of all,__________.
10.Further more,__________.
11.Thirdly,___________.
12.Therefore,___________.
对比选择型模板三
1.Different people will offer quite different ideas________.
2.Many people assert__________.
3.However,others believe__________.
4.Some may proclaim___________.
5.They mainlain such an idea because_________.
6.In contrast,the objectors think__________.
7.The argue that_________.
8.As far as I am concerned,I agree to_________.
9.First,________.
10.Second,________.
11.Last but least,________.
12.In a word,_________.
问题解决型模板一
1.With the_______of________,________.(问题出现的背景)
2.So it is of graet importance for us to_________.
3.On the one hand,________.
4.On the other hand,_________.
5.However,we have figured out many ways to________.
6.Firstly,________.
7.So long as__________.
8.Secondly,_________.
9.Thirdly,_________.
10.In fact,________.
11.That is because________.
12.In a word,_________.
问题解决型模板二
1.There has been a discussion recently about________.
2.It is true to the present situation that_________.
3.But_________.
4.As is known to all,there are many ways________.
5.First of all,_______.
6.Further more,_______.
7.Last but not least,________.
8.So it is high time for us to_______.
9.That is because_______.
10.Secondly,_________.
11.Thirdly,__________.
12.All in all,_________.
问题解决型模板三
1.Nowadays,there is a growing concern on_______.
2.It is certain that________.
3.However,_________.
4.It well cause many serious results if_______.
5.Firstly,________.
6.Secondly,________.
7.Finaly,________.
8.In spite of all these,there are still many ways________.
9.First of all,________.
10.In addition,________.
11.Thirdly,_________.
12.Only in this way,_________.

先背3个句子
1 Nowadays with the rapid development of advanced ……., more and more….. arecommonly and widely used in everyday life.(讲重要性)

2 The popularity of digital …will have great influence on our work, study andeveryday life. On the one hand …, But on the other hand.（讲影响）

3To conclude, …..are just like a double-edged sword. With them we may have lesstrouble dealing with problems in life and enjoy a better-off life. However, onepoint should be kept in mind that we should take sensible use of them , alwaysbeing the master of them.（结尾段）

Ps:灵活运用第1句和第2句，根据不同模板自由组合。

2）模板（2个模板）

1 开头段：先讲重要性，然后转讲不好的地方。
中间段：措施
结尾段：先来个小转折再进入总结

开头段Nowadays with the rapid development of advanced …….,more and more….. are commonly and widely used in everyday life. However, whatworries most of us is that……
中间段 Firstly….Secondly…..Lastly but in no means least……
结尾段 To conclude, …..are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may have less trouble dealing with problems in life and enjoy abetter-off life. However, one point should be kept in mind that we should takesensible use of them , always being the master of them.

2 开头段：先讲重要性，然后转讲争论
中间段：转折(即列出两种不同人的观点)
结尾段：直接进入总结（即你的观点）

开头段：It is accepted that …. Plays a significant part forboth …, and what’s more , a lot of attention is being drawn to the change of…..However, whether … deserves such an attention , people’s ideas vary.
中间段：On the one hand, some people hold the view that …..
On the other hand, a great many people insist that….
结尾段：From my perspective, however…. (你的观点) . Therefore, it’s time that (措施之类的)

（三）作文模板
1．以利与弊为重心的写作模板
1）三段式
Para 1  Introduction (对题目内容的说明)
e.g. With the rapid development of … (e.g. information technology/ economy/people’s living standard), …
Para 2  Advantages and disadvantages andsupport evidence
e.g. As the old saying goes, every coin has two sides/ However，everything divides into two. This is not an exception. It also has itsadvantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it has advantages. Firstly, …(Argument+ support evidence). Secondly, …(Argument+ support evidence). On theother hand, it also has disadvantages. Firstly, …(Argument+ support evidence).Secondly, …(Argument+ support evidence)
Para 3  Conclusion (可以直接重复前文所阐述过的东西; 也可以加上自己的观点)
e.g. In short, … has both its advantages and disadvantages. But I think…
2）四段式
Para 1  Introduction (对题目内容的说明)
e.g. With the rapid development of … (e.g. information technology/ economy/people’s living standard), …As the old saying goes, every coin has two sides/However，everything divides into two. This is not anexception. It also has its advantages and disadvantages.
Para 2  Advantages and support evidence
e.g. On the one hand, it has advantages. Firstly, …(Argument+ supportevidence). Secondly, …(Argument+ support evidence).
Para 3  Disadvantages and supportevidence
e.g. On the other hand, it also has disadvantages. Firstly, …(Argument+ supportevidence). Secondly, …(Argument+ support evidence).
Para 4  Conclusion (可以直接重复前文所阐述过的东西; 也可以加上自己的观点)
e.g. In short, … has both its advantages and disadvantages. But I think…
2. 以我的观点为重心的写作模板(主要是三段式)
Para 1  Introduction (对题目内容的说明)
e.g. With the rapid development of … (e.g. information technology/ economy/ people’sliving standard), …
e.g. There is a (public/ general/ heated/ impassioned) debate/ discussion/controversy nowadays over/ on / concerning the issue/ problem of … Those whocriticize/ oppose/ object to … contend/ argue that … They believe that … Butpeople who advocate/ favor/ are for …, on the other hand, maintain/ assert that…
e.g. Now it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ held/ accepted/ recognizedthat …Some people are of the opinion that …/Some people hold the belief/ viewthat …/Many people have the idea that … However, many others disagree that …Both sides of the question of whether …are well supported by sound reasons.
Para 2  State your standpoint (for oragainst); explanation to your standpoint and support evidence
可以在第一段末就表明自己的观点，也可以在第二段开头表明自己的观点。可以采用如下套句：
1.   Personally, I side with the former/latter opinion.
2.   Personally, I stand on the side of …
3.   As far as I am concerned, I am infavor of the opinion that …
4.   For my part, I completely agree withthe former/ latter.
5.   I fully agree with the statementthat …
There are three reasons for this. /The reasons for this are as follows. / Thereason for this is obvious. / The reason for this is that...  /We have good reason to believe that... / Thereasons are chiefly as follows.
Firstly, …(Argument+ support evidence). Secondly, …(Argument+ supportevidence). Last but not the least, …(Argument+ support evidence).
Para 3  Conclusion
注：在阐述利与弊或自己的观点时要注意观点（论点）与论据相结合。论据最好是statistics与your experiences, examples, etc 相结合，交换使用。
1） 使用statistics: e.g.
1. According to a(n) survey/ investigation/ analysis/ statistics/ reportreleased/ conducted/ made by …, there is a growing/ increasing/ decliningnumber of … who/ which …
2.  Once in a newspaper/ magazine, I hitupon ( came across) a/ the report that…
2）使用experiences & examples:
e.g. Firstly, shopping on the internet can save much time. According to areport released by the central government, shopping on the internet can save56% time.(statistics) Secondly, shopping on the internet can save a lot ofmoney. For instance, last week I bought a book on the internet. It costs meonly 12 yuan. But if I buy it in a bookstore, I will have to spend 43 yuan.(experiencesand examples)

写作常用套句——引言段
1.      at present/ currently/ lately/recently/ nowadays/ these years/ in the past several decades/ over the lastseveral years
2.      With the (rapid, marked, amazing,eye-catching, remarkable, fantastic) development/ progress/ growth/ advance/improvement of economy/ society/ industry/ living standard, great changes havetaken place in …
3.      We are blessed with newopportunities and faced with new challenges.
4.    As … develops,
5.    Along with the development of …,more and more …
6.    In the past few years, there hasbeen a sharp growth/ boom/ decline in …
7.    In recent years, China hasexperienced an alarming increase in …
8.    Nowadays more and more people beginto realize/ be aware of/ notice the importance/ significance/ seriousness ofthe problem of… (e.g. education/ pollution/ unemployment).
9.    There is a growing worldwideawareness of the need for …
10.   There is a (public/ general/heated/ impassioned) debate/ discussion/ controversy nowadays over/ on /concerning the issue/ problem of … Those who criticize/ oppose/ object to …contend/ argue that … They believe that … But people who advocate/ favor/ arefor …, on the other hand, maintain/ assert that …
11.   Now it is commonly/ generally/widely believed/ held/ accepted/ recognized that … They claim/ argue/ hold that… But I wonder/ doubt whether it …
12.   Which is a better choice A, or B?Different people have different answers due to their respective point of view.However, I side with the opinion that A is far better than B, for severalreasons addressed below.
13.   Those who criticize/ oppose/ objectto/ are against … contend/ argue/ hold that … But people who advocate/ favor/are for …, on the other hand, maintain/ assert/ claim that …
3. 问题式
第四段表明要采取措施解决问题的必要性：
Given the bad effects X has given rise to, we find it compelling to dosomething to get it into control. Otherwise, nobody knows what it will be likeif this problem continues to hang around us. The first priority is to … (一个具体的解决问题的措施, e.g. make the evil nature of X known to all people so that theywould consciously guard against it. 或 increase, througheducation, the public awareness of the negative effects resulted from X.)

4．重要作用式（凡涉及某个等下对某些人很有用或有影响都可适用）
e.g. 电视已经成为我们生活中的一个重要内容；它对我们的意义在于：资讯、娱乐等

第一段表述X（X代表文中要求说明的内容）的重要性：
Many people tend to agree with me if I say that X makes a necessity for us tolive a happy/decent/comfortable/convenient/interesting life. We are now seeingincreasing existence of X in our life. The implications/uses of X can beillustrated as follows:

第二段论述X的第一个意义/好处：
Firstly, … (X的作用或意义)

第三段论述X的第二个意义/好处：
People are also talking about another implication/use of X….(X的另外一个意义或作用). It may not be as important as the first one. But any discussionabout X without mentioning it will be an inadequate one.

5．解释模式
e.g. Practice Makes Perfect

第一段解释成语/俗语的意思：
“X” (X代表需要解释的内容) is frequently seen and used in ourdaily life. It seems that it is too commonly seen to be explained adequately.As far as I understand it, it means… (对X的具体解释).

第二段举例说明：
We have abundant examples in service of X in reality. I would in this passagepick up some of the most common ones. (举1到2个例子来说明)

6．夹叙夹议模式
e.g. The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured)/ Traffic Accident
1. 简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况；
2. 同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的 ；
3. 人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是……
或：假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：
1. 车祸发生的时间及地点；
2. 你所见到的车祸情况；
3. 你对车祸原因的分析。

第一段交代事件发生的时间、地点（有时包括天气等）：
Although it has been a long time since X, it is still one of my mostunforgettable memories. That was (时间地点). And it was(天气等).

第二段描述事件的具体情形（一般按照时间顺序）

第三段表达自己对时间的感想/看法/分析：
Similar incidents/accidents may happen every day in other places. But thatexperience does leave a deep impression on me. It is instructive to me as Ilearn from it that…(你的感想/看法)./Ithink the cause of this particular incident/accident is that… (你的分析)

四级作文模板

结尾万能公式  1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论    说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： 

  Obviously（此为过渡短语）,we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respectfor others.    如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！  

 更多过渡短语：    to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, onaccount of this, thus    更多句型：    Thus, it can be concluded that…,Therefore, we can find that… 

2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议    如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！   Obviously, it is high time that we took somemeasures to solve the problem.    这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？    更多句型：    Accordingly, I recommend that some measuresbe taken.    Consequently, to solve theproblem, some measures should be taken. 

3． 写作的“七项基本原则” 一、 长短句原则    工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：    As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is tosatisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.    如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！    强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。  二、 主题句原则    国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！    特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！    To begin with, you must work hard at yourlessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all thequestions correctly.  三、 一二三原则    领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。   1）first,second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）    2）firstly,secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）    3）thefirst, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）    4）inthe first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）    5）tobegin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）    6）tostart with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）    7）firstand foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）    8）mostimportant of all, moreover, finally    9）onthe one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）    10）forone thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）   建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！ 六、 多变句式原则    1）加法（串联）    都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and,但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：    I enjoy music and he is fond of playingguitar.    如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：   Not only the fur coat is soft, but it isalso warm.    其它的短语可以用：    besides, furthermore, likewise,moreover    2）转折（拐弯抹角）    批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。   The car was quite old, yet it was inexcellent condition.    The coat wasthin, but it was warm.    更多的短语：    despite that, still, however, nevertheless,in spite of, despite, notwithstanding   3）因果（so, so, so）    昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！    The snow began to fall, so we wenthome.    更多短语：    then, therefore, consequently, accordingly,hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

精彩句型

 一、~~~the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词+ haveever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词 + (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) Helen is the most beautifulgirl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

 Mr. Chang isthe kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothingis + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、Thereis no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad toworse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、Itis universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

 六、Thereis no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

 七、Anadvantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create (produce) anypollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、Thereason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with freshair./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh airfor us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So+ 形容词 + be + 主词+ that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.  时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj+ as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no meanssatisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

 十一、The+ ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the +more+ Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...） 例句：Theharder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By+Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..） 例句：Bytaking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

 十三、~~~enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..） 例句：Listeningto music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、Onno account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...） 例句：Onno account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。