高考英语语法知识点:非谓语动词+非谓语动词题的实用技巧

个人日记

 在句中充当除谓语以外句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式(作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和表语)、动名词(作主语、表语、宾语和定语和分词作定语、补足语、状语和表语,分词包括现在分词和过去分词。从时间关系上看,不定式表未来,现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成,同时注意不定式和现在分词的完成式也表完成(尤其是表示有明显的先后关系的完成);从主动与被动来看,不定式和现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,同时注意不定式和现在分词的被动式也表被动(不定式的被动式在表被动的同时还兼表未来,现在分词的被动式表被动的同时还兼表进行)

  

考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态的基本用法

1.不定式、现在分词或动名词的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前,就用完成式,否则,用一般式。不定式、现在分词或动名词与其逻辑主语若是主动关系,就用主动式,否则,用被动式。要注意此处的完成式并不等同于谓语动词的现在完成时,相对于现在已经完成,它只强调动作的先后关系。

They worked day and nightsending supplies to the flooded areas.(虽然send动作已经完成,但相对于work来说却是同时的不是发生在它之前)

Not having received the callTom returned home.(显然是先未接到电话,然后又回家,有明显的先后关系)

2being done所表示的时间概念并非全是正在进行,要分清是现在分词还是动名词。

Being exposed to the sun for so long will do harm to our skin.(只强调动作是被动,为动名词作主语,并不表示动作正在进行)

The problem being discussed is very important.(强调被动、进行,此处是现在分词,表示动作正在进行)

3.判断语态时学会找非谓语的逻辑主语:作定语时,被修饰的词是其逻辑主语;作状语时,句子的主语是其逻辑主语;作补语时,句子的宾语或主语是其逻辑主语。若是系动词则一定用主动式,或是非谓语形式后面接宾语也多为主动式。

The teacher came infollowing our monitor.
  

考点二 分词与不定式作状语的区别

1.作目的状语和结果状语的通常是不定式,分词一般作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语。    

不定式放句首作状语,只表目的;作结果状语时表示出乎意料的、令人不愉快的结果。而现在分词不能表示目的,作结果状语时也表示伴随谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生),有时在前面加上thus,谓语动词与现在分词是因果关系。

To catch the trainhe got up early. But he reached the station only to be told that the train was delayed.

2.要注意非谓语动词的逻辑主语为句子的主语。因此要注意主语前后一致。

To improve Englishhis father bought him many books.×)(improve的逻辑主语为he,而不是his father

Walking in the streeta car knocked the boy down.×)(walk的逻辑主语为the boy,而不是a car

3.不定式可以跟在表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词后面作原因状语或用于too...to do sth.so...as to do sth.enough...to do sth.等结构中作结果状语。

I am happy to meet you here.

The boy is old enough to go to school.

4.独立成分作状语,其形式不受前后文的影响。considering...(鉴于/考虑到……);generally speaking(总的来说);judging by/from...(从……来看,依据……来判断);supposing that...(假定……);providing that...(假定……);owing to...(由于……);talking/speaking of...(谈及……);given...(考虑到……);provided that...(如果……);to tell the truth(实话实说);to be honest(老实说)。

Generally speakingit is hot in summer in this area.
  

考点三 不定式和分词作补语的区别

1.表示感觉的动词,可以简单归纳为:一感(feel)二听(hearlisten)三让(letmakehave)四看(seewatchnoticeobserve等),其后可以跟不带to的不定式或者分词作宾补。不定式表示动作的全过程,说明某事已发生;用现在分词表示动作正在进行,还未结束。现在分词和宾语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系;用过去分词表示被动和完成,时间性不强。过去分词和宾语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。
    

I saw my mother cryingwhich made me puzzled.

2findleave(使……处于某种状态),keep(使……保持某种状态)后一般跟分词作补足语,而不跟动词不定式。

What you said left me thinking.

3.常用不定式作宾补的词:wishwantaskrequire/requestorderwarnallow/permitforbidexpectremindencourageinspirecall ondepend on等。

We depend on you to help us out of trouble.
 

考点四 非谓语作定语的区别

1.不定式作定语。

不定式作定语常表示该动作尚未发生;被修饰的词为abilitychanceideafactpromiseattemptbelief等抽象名词时一般用不定式作定语;

不定式常用于不定代词或被thefirst/next/only/last等修饰的名词后作定语;如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。

He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.

He has become the first to go abroad in our town.

He wanted to find a place to live in.

2.动名词作定语。

动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途,与被修饰词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

A sleeping pill will help you to fall asleep quickly.

3.现在分词作定语。

当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用v.­ing形式;当为被动关系且表示动作正在进行时用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且动作已经完成时,要用过去分词形式,现在分词的完成时不作定语。现在分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在说话时该动作正在进行,否则就用定语从句。

Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.

The houses being built are for the students.

4.过去分词作定语。

过去分词作定语与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系,表示动作已完成。及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动完成,少数不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成,不表被动。

The retired worker was sweeping the fallen leaves onthe road.
  

考点五 非谓语动词作宾语的区别

1.通常跟不定式作宾语的词有:affordagreewantwishhoperefusemanageaskofferpromisepretenddecidelearndetermineexpectbegchooseintendattemptfailclaimlongv.),planpreparewould likelove),preferseek等。

Don't pretend to be reading.

2.通常跟动名词作宾语的词有:acknowledgeadmitappreciateavoidconsiderdelaydislikeenjoyfeel likefinishimaginekeepmentionmindmisspracticeresistrisksuggeststand等。

I'm considering buying a new car.

3.有些动词的后面可用不定式或动名词作宾语,但是意义有别。这些动词有:forgetrememberregretmeanstoptrycan'thelpgo on等。

Don't forget to call me.(别忘记给我打电话。)

I forgot meeting you here.(我忘记在这里遇见过你了。)

4needwantdeserverequire(表示需要,值得)+动名词表被动意义,相当于用不定式的被动式。

The man who wanted to steal money deserved punishing.

5.在likehateprefer等动词后,表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式;表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。

I like watching TVbutI don't like to do that this evening because I am too busy.
 

考点六 独立主格结构    

独立主格结构是英语中的一个特殊短语结构,它只有逻辑上的主语(名词或代词充当)和谓语(一般用分词、不定式、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语来充当),而没有语法意义上的主语和谓语,主要用于书面语中,在口语中不常用,在句子中起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,表示时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随情况等,用于修饰整个句子。with+宾语+宾语补足语也是独立主格结构的一种形式。

The weather being so finewe decided to go for an outing.

With you to help uswe will make much progress.
 

考点七 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义

1.在be+表示特征、性质的形容词+不定式结构中;该结构中常用的形容词有:easyharddifficultimportantimpossibleinterestingpleasantnicecomfortablesafedangerouscheapfitheavyhappygladpleasantsorryluckysurprisedangryablerightreadycleverfoolishquickslowpolitewrong等。这类形容词往往说明产生这种特性或情绪的原因。要注意不定式当中动词要用主动式,且是及物动词或是不及物动词+介词的形式。

He is easy to get along with.

2.不定式与疑问词连用时。

I don't know what to do.

3.某些动词(如blame/seek/let等)的不定式与be动词连用时。

He is to blame for the accident.
 

考点八 固定句式

1It is/was no use/good doing sth.

2It is/was of little use/good doing sth.

3It is/was not any use/good doing sth.

4There is no point indoing sth    

5There is no possibility of doing sth.

6It is no good reading such books.

7There is no point in waiting for him.

     做非谓语动词题的实用技巧 :

  技巧一:用作目的状语,原则上要用不定式

  1. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there ______ for a space flight. (2007江西卷)

  A. training            B. being trained      C. to have trained     D. to be trained

  【解析】答案选D。由于被训练进行航空飞行是他被派往那儿的目的,所以要用不定式,因此可排除AB。另外,由于训练之间为被动关系,故选D

  2. ______ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugarand 175 g flour.(2006广东卷)

  A. Having made      B. Make              C. To make             D. Making

  【解析】答案选C。由于是表示目的,故要用不定式,句意为:为了要做这块蛋糕,你需要2只鸡蛋、175糖和175面粉。

  技巧二用于名词后作定语时,使用非谓语动词的原则是:用不定式,表示动作尚未发生;用现在分词,表示动作正在进行;用过去分词,表示动作已经发生,同时表示被动意义

  1. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _______ in Beijing in 2008. (2006四川卷)

  A. hold                B. holding           C.held                D. to be held

  【解析】答案选D。由于2008年奥运会尚未举行,故要用不定式。

  2. There are hundreds of visitors ______ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings. (2006上海卷)

  A. waited             B. to wait            C. waiting           D. wait

  【解析】答案选C。由于表示正在等,故用现在分词作定语。

  3. “Things ______never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself. (2007湖南卷)

  A. lost                 B. losing            C. to lost              D. have lost

  【解析】答案选A。因things与动词lose之间为被动关系,故用过去分词。

  注:受the first, the second…the last修饰的名词或代词后原则上要用不定式作定语。如:

  —The last one ______pays the meal.

  —Agreed! (2007全国I)

  A. arrived               B. arrives             C. to arrive          D. arriving

  【解析】答案选C。因为在the first, the second, the third, …, the last等结构后习惯上要接不定式作定语,又如:I’d be the first to admit I might be wrong. 我愿第一个承认我可能错了。You are the second to make that mistake. 你是第二个犯这错误的人。
  

  技巧三用作伴随状语,原则上要用现在分词

  1. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ______, and asked myself what I was going todo. (2007湖南卷)

  A. moved             B. moving              C. to move             D. being moved

  【解析】答案选B。由于与句子主语I之间为主动关系,且表示当时持续了一会儿,故用现在分词。句意为:当信号灯变绿时,我站在那儿一会儿没动,心想自己该怎么办。

  2. Peter received a letter just now ______ his grandma would come to see him soon. (2007四川卷)

  A. said                 B. says                    C. saying                D. to say

  【解析】答案选C。此处用现在分词表伴随,又如:A card came yesterday saying Sue will arrive tomorrow. 昨天收到的明信片上说,休明天到。Alan received a telegram saying his father was ill. 埃伦收到一封电报,说是他父亲生病了。

  3. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing. (2006江苏卷)

  A. saying              B. said                   C. to say                  D. having said

  【解析】答案选A。现在分词saying在此表示伴随。

  4. We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ______ that all children like these things. (2006全国III)

  A. thinking              B. think                C. to think               D. thought

  【解析】答案选A。现在分词thinking在此表示伴随。
 

  技巧四用作结果状语时,可用现在分词或不定式,其原则区别是:一般要用现在分词,不定式用作结果状语主要用于某些特定句式中

  1. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, _____ in the natural light during the day. (2007天津卷)

  A. to let                   B. letting              C. let                       D. having let

  【解析】答案选B。此处用现在分词表示结果。又如:It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that place. 大雨滂沱,造成了那个地方洪水泛滥。

文章评论